Research advances of un-symmetric constitutive equation of anisotropic fluid, influence of un-symmetric stress tensor on material functions, vibrational shear flow of the fluid with small amplitudes and rheology of anisotropic suspension were reported. A new concept of simple anisotropic fluid was introduced. On the basis of anisotropic principle, the simple fluid stress behaviour was described by velocity gradient tensor F and spin tensor W instead of velocity gradient tensor D in the classic Leslie-Ericksen continuum theory. Two relaxation times analyzing rheological nature of the fluid and using tensor analysis a general form of the constitutive equation of co-rotational type was introduced. More general model LCP-H for the fluid was developed. The unsymmetry of the shear stress was predicted by the present continuum theory for anisotropic viscoelastic fluid-LC polymer liquids. The influence of the relaxation times on material functions was specially studied. It is important to study the unsteady vibrational rotating flow with small amplitudes, as it is a best way to obtain knowledge of elasticity of the LC polymer, i.e. dynamic viscoelasticity. For the shear-unsymmetric stresses, two shear stresses were obtained thus two complex viscosities and two complex shear modulus (i.e. first and second one) were introduced by the constitutive equation which was defined by rotating shear rate introduced by author. For the two stability problems of fluid, such as stability of hydrodynamic flow and orientational motion, were discussed. The results show that the polymer suspension systems exhibit anisotropic character. The PNC systems can exhibit significant shear-thinning effects. For more concentrated polymer nano-suspensions, the first normal stress difference change from positive to negative, which is similar to LC polymer behavior.

The hear transfer mechanism and the constitutive models for energy boundary layer in power law fluids were investigated. Two energy transfer constitutive equations models were proposed based on the assumption of similarity of velocity field momentum diffusion and temperature field heat transfer. The governing systems of partial different equations were transformed into ordinary differential equations respectively by using the similarity transformation group. One model was assumed that Prandtl number is a constant, and the other model was assumed that viscosity diffusion is analogous to thermal diffusion. The solutions were presented analytically and numerically by using the Runge-Kutta formulas and shooting technique and the associated transfer characteristics were discussed.

The average stretching direction, local rotation angular, and stretching ratio parameters of molecular trains were used to express the rheology deformation. Based on this micro geometrical deformation, the macro deformation of medium was expressed. Then, using intrinsic elasticity concept, the stress—strain relation was obtained. In this theoretic formulation, the response functions of extension ratio and rotation angular were used to express the rheology feature of medium. For medium composed by incompressible molecular trains, the local rotation angular divides rheology deformation into three kinds: viscoelastic deformation or elasticity enhancement, viscoplastic deformation or elasticity degenerate and constant elasticity range. These results explain the experimental features of rheology deformation well.

A uniaxial viscoelastoplastic model that can describe whole creep behaviors of asphalt sand at different temperatures was presented. The model was composed of three submodels in series, which describe elastoplastic, viscoelastic and viscoplastic characteristics respectively. The constitutive equation was established for uniaxial loading condition, and the creep representation was also obtained. The constitutive parameters were determined by uniaxial compression tests under controlled-stress of 0.1 MPa with five different test temperatures of 20, 40, 45, 50 and 60 °C. Expressions of the model parameters in terms of temperatures were also given. The model gave prediction at various temperatures consistent with the experimental results, and can reflect the total deformation characterization of asphalt sands.

The dynamic analysis of semi-flexible polymers, such as DNA molecules, is an important multiscale problem with a wide range of applications in science and bioengineering. In this contribution, a dumbbell model with internal viscosity was studied in steady shear flows of polymeric fluid. The tensors with moments other than second moment were approximated in the terms of second moment tensor. Then, the nonlinear algebraic equation of the second moment conformation tensor was calculated in closed form. Finally, substituting the resulting conformation tensor into the Kramers equation of Hookean spring force, the constitutive equations were obtained. The shear material properties were discussed for different internal viscosities and compared with the results of Brownian dynamics simulation.

To completely understand the rate-dependent stress-strain behavior of the porous nanocrystalline materials, it is necessary to formulate a constitutive model that can reflect the complicated experimentally observed stress-strain relations of nanocrystalline materials. The nanocrystalline materials consisting grain interior and grain boundary are considered as viscoplastic and porous materials for the reasons that their mechanical deformation is commonly governed by both dislocation glide and diffusion, and pores commonly exist in the nanocrystalline materials. A constitutive law of the unified theory reflecting the stress-strain relations was established and verified by experimental data of bulk nanocrystalline Ni prepared by hydrogen direct current arc plasma evaporation method and hot compression. The effect of the evolution of porosity on stress-strain relations was taken into account to make that the predicted results can keep good agreements with the corresponding experimental results.

To determine structure and parameters of a rheological constitutive model for rocks, a new method based on differential evolution (DE) algorithm combined with FLAC^3D (a numerical code for geotechnical engineering) was proposed for identification of the global optimum coupled of model structure and its parameters. At first, stochastic coupled mode was initialized, the difference in displacement between the numerical value and in-situ measurements was regarded as fitness value to evaluate quality of the coupled mode. Then the coupled-mode was updated continually using DE rule until the optimal parameters were found. Thus, coupled-mode was identified adaptively during back analysis process. The results of applications to Jinping tunnels in China show that the method is feasible and efficient for identifying the coupled-mode of constitutive structure and its parameters. The method overcomes the limitation of the traditional method and improves significantly precision and speed of displacement back analysis process.

Using the constitutive equation of co-rotational derivative type for anisotropic viscoelastic fluid-liquid crystalline (LC), polymer liquids was developed. Two relaxation times are introduced in the equation: λ_n represents relaxation of the normal-symmetric stress components; λ_s represents relaxation of the shear-unsymmetric stress components. A vibrational rotating flow in gap between cylinders with small amplitudes is studied for the anisotropic viscoelastic fluid-liquid crystalline polymer. The time-dependent constitutive equation are linearized with respect to parameter of small amplitude. For the normal-symmetric part of stress tensor analytical expression of the shear stress is obtained by the constitutive equation. The complex viscosity, complex shear modulus, dynamic and imaginary viscosities, storage modulus and loss modulus are obtained for the normal-symmetric stress case which are defined by the common shear rate. For the shear-unsymmetric stress part, two shear stresses are obtained thus two complex viscosities and two complex shear modulus (i.e. first and second one) are given by the constitutive equation which are defined by rotating shear rate introduced by author. The dynamic and imaginary viscosities, storage modulus and loss modulus are given for each complex viscosities and complex shear modulus. Using the constituive equation the rotating flow with small amplitudes in gap between two coaxial cylinders is studied.

The formation and evolution laws of the defect temperature field, heat dissipation in the process of defect evolution were studied. On the basis, the formation and evolution laws of the defect temperature field were investigated, the interaction among defects in the process of defect evolution was carried out. The numerical simulation of the temperature field of ABS was made. The results show that the process of defect evolution is one of energy dissipation, in which the defect temperature field forms due to that its heat dissipation possesses fractal property and its fractal dimension not only relates to the interaction among the defects, but also is the function of time, this incarnates the efficiency of coordinated actions of striding over the different gradations in the process of defect evolution and among gradations. The increase of the local temperature with the increase of deformation-induced heating effect in ABS is obvious. Moreover, the shape of plastic zone and inner heat source density function has big effect on the temperature field.

Plastic variational principles are foundation to solve the boundary-value problems of plastic mechanics with the variational method (or energy method) and finite element method. The most convenient way of establishing different kinds of variational principles is to set up the extreme principle related to the studied problem. Based on a general new extreme principle-the Least work consumption principle, the variational principles of the rigid-plastic and rigid-viscoplastic material were derived. In comparison with existing methods, the method in this paper is more clear and direct, and the physical meaning is clear-cut. This method can offer a new way for establishing other kinds of variational principles.

The basic factors relating to the rheological stress in the constitutive equations were introduced. Carbon constructional quality steels were regarded as a kind of elastic-viscoplastic materials under high temperature and the elastic-viscoplastic constitutive models were summarized. A series of tension experiments under the same temperature and different strain rates, and the same strain rate and different temperatures were done on 20 steel, 35 steel and 45 steel. 52 groups of rheological stress—strain curves were obtained. The experimental results were analyzed theoretically. The rheological stress constitutive models of carbon steels were built combining the strong points of the Perzyna model and Johnson-Cook model. Comparing the calculation results conducted from the model with the experiment results, the results proves that the model can reflect the temperature effect and strain rate effect of carbon constructional quality steels better.

Application research of neural networks to geotechnical engineering has become a hotspot nowadays. General model may not reach the predicting precision in practical application due to different characteristics in different fields. In allusion to this, an elasto-plastic constitutive model based on clustering radial basis function neural network(BC-RBFNN) was proposed for moderate sandy clay according to its properties. Firstly, knowledge base was established on triaxial compression testing data; then the model was trained, learned and emulated using knowledge base; finally, predicting results of the BC-RBFNN model were compared and analyzed with those of other intelligent model. The results show that the BC-RBFNN model can alter the training and learning velocity and improve the predicting precision, which provides possibility for engineering practice on demanding high precision.

Mathematical model of filling disk-shaped mold cavity in steady state was studied. And the mathematical model under vibration field was developed from the model in steady state. According to the model of filling disk-shaped mold cavity in steady state, the filling time, the distribution of velocity field and the pressure field were obtained. The analysis results from rheological analytic model were compared with the numerical simulation results using Moldflow software in the powder injection molding filling process. Through the comparison, it is found that it is unreasonable to neglect the influence of temperature when calculated the pressure changing with the time at the cavity gate, while it can be neglected in other situations such as calculating the distribution of the velocity fields. This provides a theoretical reference for the establishment of correct model both in steady state and under vibration force field in the future.

Vibration equations of time-varying system are transformed to the form which is suitable to precise integration algorithm. Precision analysis and computation efficiency of new algorithm are implemented. The following conclusions can be got. Choosing matrixes M, G and K is certainly flexible. We can place left side of nonlinear terms of vibration equations of time-varying system into right side of equations in precise integration algorithms. The key of transformation from vibration equations of time-varying system to first order differential equations is to form matrix H, which should be assured to be nonsingular. With suitable disposal, precision and computation efficiency of precise integration algorithms are greatly larger than those of general methods.

In order to get the formulae for calculating the equivalent frame width coefficient of reinforced concrete hollow slab-column structures with edge beam, the finite element structural program was used in the elastic analysis of reinforced concrete hollow slab-column structure with different dimensions to study internal relationship between effective beam width and the frame dimensions. In addition, the formulas for calculating the increasing coefficient of edge beam were also obtained.

The experimental observations about remarkable influence of the substrates on the isothermal crystallization rate of a high density polyethylene(HDPE) were presented. Two methods were used to characterize the crystallization rate: the change of turbidity of the HDPE specimen and the changes of the complex viscosity and storage modulus measured by a rotational rheometer, which gave consistent results showing that the isothermal crystallization rate decreased in sequence as the specimen contacted with aluminum, brass and stainless steel plates, respectively. As to the dominant influence factor, the chemical composition of the substrates can be excluded via insulating the plate by an aluminum foil. Instead, we propose the plate’s ability of removing the latent heat of crystallization from the specimen. Rheological measurement is sensitive to the crystallization process. The colloid like model proposed by BOUTAHAR et al for the crystallization of HDPE gives reasonable predictions of the crystallized fraction from the measured storage modulus.

The relationship between rheological properties and morphology of immiscible polystyrene(PS)/poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) blends was studied. The blends were prepared using a twin screw extruder. A single screw extruder equipped with a slit die was used to perform shear flow measurements of PS/PMMA blends. Morphological examinations were conducted on the cryogenically fractured and extracted samples by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the melt viscosity of PS/PMMA blend decreases with increasing shear stress, which is attributed to not only the disentanglement of macromolecules but also the reduction in the domain size and the resultant increase of the interfacial area. The power-law index of the blend melt is lower than any of its component melt, suggesting that deformation and breakup of the dispersed phase increase the dependence of the melt viscosity on the shear stress. The blend whose domain size decreases at a faster rate with increasing shear stress, exhibits a strong shear rate dependence on the melt viscosity. The comparison of the morphologies of samples before and after the slit section of the die indicates that the morphology of the blend has a quick response to shear flow, the coalescence of the dispersed drops is predominant for blends at low shear rates.

A novel polyamide 6/silica nanocomposite containing epoxy resins (EPA6N) was prepared via in situ polymerization using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the precursor of silica. The dynamic rheological properties of pure PA6 and EPA6N at temperatures of 225 and 235 °C were investigated. The results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicate that the silica particles are well dispersed in the polyamide 6 matrix on about 30 nm in diameter, which demonstrates that this method can effectively avoid agglomeration of the inorganic particles. The rheological results suggest that pure PA6 shows Newtonian behavior. However, the novel EPA6N exhibits a solid-like rheological behavior, which is due to the small size, large surface of silica particles and the stronger polyamide 6-silica chemical bond formed through the reactions of epoxy resins with end groups of PA6 molecular chains. The EPA6N also exhibits higher melt viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus than those of pure PA6.

The effect of salt solutions (NaCl, Na₂SO₄ and CaCl₂) on the conformational properties of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was investigated by using static laser light scattering (SLLS). The special interaction between CaCl₂ solution and HPAM was also researched. Experimental results show that the chain structure of HPAM is interrelated with the charge density, the kind and the concentration of salt solutions. The mean-square radius of gyration (R_z) and the second virial coefficient (A₂) of HPAM decrease with increasing concentration of salt solutions, and the salt effect tends towards the maximum when the concentration of salt solution is increased to some amount.

For waterflooding reservoir, oil trapped in pore’s dead ends is hardly flushed out, and usually becomes one typical type of residual oil. The microscopic displacement characteristics of polymer solution with varied viscoelastic property were studied by numerical and experimental method. According to main pore structure characteristics and rheological property of polymer solution through porous media, displacement models for residual oil trapped in dead ends were proposed, and upper-convected Maxwell rheological model was used as polymer solution’s constitutive equation. The flow and stress field was given and displacement characteristic was quantified by introducing a parameter of micro swept coefficient. The calculated and experimental results show that micro swept coefficient rises with the increase of viscoelasticity; for greater viscoelasticity of polymer solution, vortices in the dead end have greater swept volume and displacing force on oil, and consequently entraining the swept oil in time. In addition, micro swept coefficient in dead end is function of the inclination angle (θ) between pore and dead end. The smaller of θ and 180-θ, the flow field of viscoelastic fluid is developed in dead ends more deeply, resulting in more contact with oil and larger swept coefficient.

Rheological properties of microemulsions (MEs) and their printability in three dimensional printing (3DP) systems were investigated. A series of MEs with different contents of oil phase were prepared using sonication method with ibuprofen as model drug and soybean lecithin as emulfier. Stationary and transient rheological properties of MEs were investigated by ARES-SRF using concentric cylinders measuring systems. 3DP systems with piezoelectric drop-on-demand print heads were employed to test the printability of the MEs. Results demonstrate that the apparent viscosity and dynamic linear viscoelastic regions of the MEs are the most important parameters for continuous and stable printing of MEs by 3DP. The incorporation of drug in the MEs has little influence on the MEs’ stationary rheological behaviors and dynamic viscoelasticity, but the concentration of oil phase has a strong influence on them. The rheological property of binder liquids has a close relationship with their printability in 3DP system.

The rheological properties of salt-tolerant partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)solutions with molecular of 2.5×10⁷ g/mol at different concentrations were measured in steady-state shear flow mode by Haake Rheostress 150 rheometer. Three constitutive equations (Oldroyd four constant model, Guesekus model and FENE-P model) were used for describing the apparent viscosity and first normal stress difference. The apparent viscosity of salt-tolerant HPAM solutions appears a first Newtonian zone when the shear rate is approximately lower than 0.2 s⁻¹. At high shear rate, the HPAM solutions show shear-thinning and elasticity. The results show that the FENE-P model has the best agreement between theoretical and experimental data within the available shear rate range. The material parameters are useful for numerical analysis of polymer solution flow fields.

Thermo-responsive multiblock polycarbonates were facilely synthesized by covalently binding poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) blocks, using triphosgene as coupling agent and pyridine as catalyst. The aqueous solutions of thermo-responsive polycarbonates were investigated by rheological measurements. Steady-state shear measurements reveal that the polycarbonate solutions exhibit shear-thinning behavior and the hydrophilic content has a pronounced effect on the flow behavior of the polycarbonates aqueous solutions. The shear viscosity decreases with increasing poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composition. The increase of viscosity with increasing concentration is probably attributed to the formation of stronger network owing to interchain entanglement of PEO block at higher concentration. When the flow curves are fitted to the power law model, flow index is obtained to be less than 1, as exhibiting typical pesudoplastic fluid. The viscoelastic properties of the system also show close dependence on the composition of polycarbonates. Temperature sweep confirms that the multiblock polycarbonates exhibit thermo-responsive properties. For 7% aqueous solution of polycarbonate with composition ratio of EO to PO of 1/1, the sol-gel transition occurs at 37 °C, which makes the system suitable as an injectable drug delivery system.

Poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) (PAM/AA-Na) and poly(acrylamide-co-sodium vinylsulfonate) (PAM/VSS-Na) were prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization. The effects of CaCl₂ on PAM/VSS-Na or PAM/VSS-Na aqueous solutions were investigated by steady-flow experiments at 25, 40, 55 and 70 °. The results show that the apparent viscosities of both solutions decrease with addition of CaCl₂ or increase of temperature and shear rates. PAM/VSS-Na solution has better performance on the salt tolerance, shear endurance and temperature resistance due to containing sulfonic group in the molecules. Ca²⁺ concentration can affect the viscous activation energy of both solutions and the reason may be that these interactions between Ca²⁺ and also copolymer molecules are related to temperature and competitive in solution. These results may offer the basic data for searching the flooding systems with the ability of temperature resistance, salt tolerance and shear endurance for tertiary oil recovery.

The fatigue properties of asphalts were investigated after various laboratory simulation ageing tests and outdoor natural exposure ultraviolet radiation ageing, by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) time sweep fatigue test in constant strain model and a new type of specimen which was introduced to avoid the problem of adhesion failure between rotor and asphalt binder. The results show that outdoor natural exposure ageing (NEA) causes the decrease of retained fatigue life distinctly, and photodegradation caused by outdoor NEA of 1 250 μm thin films asphalt for three months, is found to be severer than pressure ageing vessel (PAV) with respects to retained fatigue life. The effect of photodegradation increases as the time of outdoor NEA increases. DSR time sweep fatigue test in constant strain indicates that the aged styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt still displays better fatigue properties than the corresponding base asphalt after ageing.

The effect of sulfide on HPAM solution viscosity was studied using BROOKFIELD DV-II viscometer, and the interaction mechanism was discussed. The HPAM solution viscosity was investigated through fully reducing sulfide by the addition of hydrogen peroxide oxidation, and the mechanism of increasing polymer viscosity was investigated. The experimental results also show that there is a critical concentration of 15 mg/L. Below it, the loss rate of HPAM solution viscosity increases more rapidly, but becomes slowly above the critical concentration. A theoretical guidance for oilfields to prepare polymer solution using sewage-water by eliminating sulfide, and it is also importance to prepare polymer solution using sewage-water and save fresh water.

Rheological properties of the virgin bitumen and TPS modified bitumen binders with several percentages of TPS additives were studied. All TPS modified bituminous binders were prepared on a laboratory scale. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) strain sweep test was made to measure the linear viscoelasticity areas of various bitumen binders at −20–70 °C, then temperature sweep test and frequency sweep test were made in the linear viscoelasticity areas. Complex modulus master curves were drawn to analyze and compare various bitumen binders’ rheological properties. Based on the test results, the ideal percentage of TPS additive was brought forward. The results show that TPS modified bitumen binders have more excellent properties at high, medium and low temperatures compared with original bitumen. The dosages of TPS additive are vital to their properties.

Dynamic viscoelastic properties of polyacrylonitrile(PAN)/DMSO/H₂O solutions with different H₂O contents were studied as a function of temperature. These PAN solutions gradually became gel with decreasing temperature. The sol-gel transition took place at a critical gel temperature, at which the scaling law of G′(ω)∼G″(ω)∝ωⁿ held, allowing an accurate determination of the critical gel temperature by means of the frequency independence of the loss tangent. The gel point of PAN solutions increases with increasing H₂O content. The scaling exponent n (=0.86) at the gel point is confirmed to be universal for PAN gels, which is independent of temperature, suggesting the similarity of the fractal structure in the critical PAN gels.

The capability of hydrophobic association polymer (HAPAM) to displace oil is different from that of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) because they have different rheological properties. The viscoelasticity of five polymers was measured using Physica MCR301 rheometer and was compared. The five polymers include three HAPAMs with relative molecular mass of 1 248×10⁴ (Type I), 750×10⁴ (Type II), and 571×10⁴ (Type III) separately and two HPAMs with relative molecular mass of 1 200×10⁴ and 3 800×10⁴ respectively. The experiment results indicate that the viscoelasticity of HAPAM is better than that of HPAM. The storage modulus G′ and the loss modulus G″ for HAPAM solutions are also larger than those for HPAM. Comparing the rheological curves of different HAPAM types, it is found that the viscosity of type II and type III is almost same at different shear rates while the viscosity of type I is the lower than that of Types II and III. The storage modulus G′ and the loss modulus G″ for three types of HAPAM were measured in low oscillation frequency range, and the results show that G′ is greater than G″ for all three different types of HAPAM, but their loss modulus is almost same, and the G′ is in the order of type II>type III>type I. In addition, the G′ and G″ increase with aging time for all three HAPAM solutions were stayed at different days. The viscoelasticity of type I reaches the highest value when aging time is 9 d at 45 °C, but it is 7 d for type II and type III. The different viscoelasticity properties can be attributed to self-organization supermolecule networks which is formed by hydrophobic association of HAPAM molecular and molecular chain entanglement.

Modern processing technology is calling the scientific understanding of dynamic processes, where the science of complex fluids plays a central role. We summarize our recent efforts using the generic approaches of multi-scale physics of complex fluids on apparently irrelevant processes, i.e. the mixing of polymer blends, the processing of thermoplastic(TP) toughened thermosetting(TS) composites using phase separation of TP in TS, as well as the enhanced oil recovery using polymer soft gel. It is emphasized that the thorough physical understanding in multi-scales of time and space through the joint efforts of experiment and theory in each scale is the key issue for the modeling of various processes.

High temperature rheological properties of fiber modified asphalt binders and impact of the type and content on such properties were studied. Three types of fiber, including polyester (PET), polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and cellulose (CEL), a control content (0%) and four levels of fiber content (2%, 4%, 6% and 8% by total asphalt binder mass) were used with asphalt binders. The high temperature rheological properties, consisting of complex modulus (G*) and phase angle δ, were measured using SHRP’s dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) between 46–82 °C. Experimental results indicate that the changes of G* and tan δ of fiber modified asphalt binders with the increase of test temperature tend to slow down, and the temperature susceptibility is improved obviously compared to that of original asphalt binder. Fiber modification results in the increase of rutting parameter (G*/sin δ) at high temperatures, the decrease of temperature susceptibility, and further improved high temperature performance of asphalt binder. An excellent correlation exhibits between fiber content and high temperature performance of asphalt binder. Moreover, fiber type also has different influences on the improvement of G*/sin δ, G*/sin δ of PET and PAN fiber asphalt binders are both higher than that of CEL fiber, but G*/sin δ of CEL fiber is still higher than that of original asphalt. However, there is a critical fiber content when fibers start to interact with each other. Therefore, based on the critical fiber content and economic consideration, the optimum fiber contents for various fiber-modified asphalt binders are obtained.

Air-bubble generator is the key part of the self-inspiration type swirl flotation machines, whose flow field structure has a great effect on flotation. The multiphase volume of fluid (VOF), standard k-ɛ turbulent model and the SIMPLE method were chosen to simulate the present model; the first order upwind difference scheme was utilized to perform a discrete solution for momentum equation. The distributing law of the velocity, pressure, turbulent kinetic energy of every section along the flow direction of air-bubble generator was analyzed. The results indicate that the bubbles are heavily broken up in the middle cross section of throat sect and the entrance of diffuser sect along the flow direction, and the turbulent kinetic energy of diffuser sect is larger than the entrance of throat sect and mixing chamber.

The objective of this work is to verify the rheological behavior of irradiated [Me₃NC₂H₄OH]⁺[Zn₂Cl₅]⁻ and [Me₃NC₂H₄OH]⁺[Zn₃Cl₇]⁻ ionic liquids in comparison to the unirradiated ones, the viscosities were measured by a strain-control experiment under different irradiation doses’ samples(0, 10, 20, 50, 100 kGy) at different shear rates and temperatures. The curves of shear stress against shear rate present that the viscosity of ionic liquid is insensitive to shear rate; the viscosity of ionic liquids decreases with increasing temperature, and can be fitted by Arrhenius equation very well. Gamma radiation causes a decrease of viscosity of [Me₃NC₂H₄OH]⁺[Zn₃Cl₇]⁻ by greater than 10%, but it does not impair the viscosity of [Me₃NC₂H₄OH]⁺[Zn₂Cl₅]⁻ (within the experimental error) except 20 kGy irradiated sample. The results show that the radiation stability of [Me₃NC₂H₄OH]⁺[Zn₂Cl₅]⁻ is higher than that of [Me₃NC₂H₄OH]⁺[Zn₃Cl₇]⁻.

A simple one-dimensional planar model for ejection was set up based on experiments. And numerical simulation was performed on this model with particle trajectory model method. An Eulerian finite volume method was conducted to resolve gas field. And Lagrangian method was imposed to track each particle. The interaction between gas and particles was responded as source terms in governing equations which were induced by forces. The effects of total spraying mass, particle size and other factors on the mixture of particles and gas were investigated. The spatial distributions of particle mass and velocity at different time were presented. The result shows that the numerical results are qualitatively consistent to those of experiments.

A three-dimensional (3D) lattice model for predicting the rheological behavior of asphalt mixtures was presented. In this model asphalt mixtures were described as a two-phase composite material consisting of asphalt sand and coarse aggregates distributed randomly. Asphalt sand was regarded as a viscoelastic material and aggregates as an elastic material. The rheological response of asphalt mixture subjected to different constant stresses was simulated. The calibrated overall creep strain shows a good approximation to experimental results.

Surface treatment of glass bead (GB) was carried out by using γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane (GPTES) and γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (MPTMS) as coupling agents, respectively. The steady viscosity and yield stress of the GB/hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) suspensions were determined by Brookfield R/S rheometer. The effect of surface treatment on the viscosity and yield stress of GB/HTPB suspension was investigated. The results indicate that the viscosity of the pristine GB/HTPB suspension increases with increasing GB, and the relationship between its viscosity and volume fraction of GB depends on the shear rate. The modification of GB by MPTMS changes the viscosity of the MPTMS@GB/HTPB suspension, and its viscosity is the minimum at the MPTMS dosage of 0.3 g per 1 g GB. Additionally, the modification of GB by MPTMS increases the yield stress of the GB/HTPB suspension, and its yield stress is the maximum at the MPTMS dosage of 0.1 g per 1 g GB. The GPTES modified GB/HTPB suspension behaves lower viscosity and weaker shear thinning than the MPTMS modified GB/HTPB suspension within the range of experimental shear rate.

High-viscosity dispersing system is formed by dispersing the solid particles in the high-viscosity continuous medium. It is very easy to form the three-dimensional network structure for solid particles in the system and the rheology behavior becomes complicated. The apparent viscosity of this dispersing system always has the connection with the volume ratio and the shear rate. In order to discuss the rheology behavior and put up the viscosity model, the suspension of silicon dioxide and silicon oil were prepared. Through testing the viscosity, the solid concentration and the shear rate, the effects of the ratio and the shear rate on viscosity was analyzed, the model of the high-viscosity dispersing system was designed and the model with the printing ink were validated. The experiment results show that the model is applicable to the high-viscosity dispersing systems.

Organic montmorillonite (OMMT) modified bitumen nanocomposites was prepared by melt blending. The effects of thin-film oven test(TFOT) and pressure ageing vessel(PAV) on rheological properties of pristine bitumen and OMMT modified bitumen were investigated by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The results show that complex modulus (G*) increases, phase angle (δ) decreases and rutting factor (G*/sin δ) is enhanced for the pristine bitumen after TFOT, whereas G*, δ and G*/sin δ of OMMT modified bitumen have a little change before and after TFOT. Besides, the pristine bitumen exhibits a large increase of G* and a great decrease of δ after PAV aging. However, the changes in G* and δ of OMMT modified bitumen are small before and after PAV. Compared with the pristine bitumen, OMMT modified bitumen presents a lower fatigue factor (G*sin δ) after PAV. As a consequence, resistance to thermal-oxidative aging of bitumen is remarkably improved due to the introduction of OMMT.

Different composites of organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT)/bitumen were prepared by melt blending with hexadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium modified montmorillonite (HBM) and double octadecyl dimethyl ammonium modified montmorillonite (DOM). The structures of two kinds of montmorillonite modified bitumen were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effects of different montmorillonites on the dynamic rheological properties of the modified bitumens were investigated by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The XRD results show that DOM modified bitumen forms an intercalated structure, whereas the HBM modified bitumen forms an exfoliated structure. DSR results indicate that OMMT modified bitumens exhibit higher complex modulus, lower phase angle than pristine bitumen, which means that the resistance to rutting at high temperatures of pristine bitumen is improved due to the introduction of OMMT. Compared with DOM modified bitumen, HBM modified bitumen shows better rutting resistance, which is contributed to the formation of exfoliated structure in HBM modified bitumen.

The viscoelastic micelle systems formed by novel anionic-nonionic dimeric surfactant and conventional cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium(1631) were studied. The viscoelasticity, thixotropy, flow curves and constitutive equation for the novel viscoelastic micelle systems were investigated. The results show that the micelle systems possess viscoelasticity, thixotropy, and shear thinning property. Some micelle systems possess hysteresis loops showing both viscoelasticity and thixotropy. It is proved that the flow curves are characterized by the co-rotational Jeffreys constitutive equation correctly.

The internal turbulent flow in conical diffuser is a very complicated adverse pressure gradient flow. DLR k-ɛ turbulence model was adopted to study it. The every terms of the Laplace operator in DLR k-ɛ turbulence model and pressure Poisson equation were discretized by upwind difference scheme. A new full implicit difference scheme of 5-point was constructed by using finite volume method and finite difference method. A large sparse matrix with five diagonals was formed and was stored by three arrays of one dimension in a compressed mode. General iterative methods do not work wel1 with large sparse matrix. With algebraic multigrid method(AMG), linear algebraic system of equations was solved and the precision was set at 10⁻⁶. The computation results were compared with the experimental results. The results show that the computation results have a good agreement with the experiment data. The precision of computational results and numerical simulation efficiency are greatly improved.

The element-free method is a new numerical technique presented in recent years. It uses the moving least square(MLS) approximation as its shape function, and it is determined by the basic function and weight function. The weight function is the mainly determining factor, so it greatly affects the accuracy of the computational results. The element-free Galerkin method(EFGM) was applied for the solution to plastic large deformation. The simulation of metal rheological forming was successfully done by programming and its results were visualized by using the plotting and data analyses software Tecplot. Then plastic strain under different stages during rheological forming and the three principal stresses at the last deformation were obtained. The example shows the feasibility of EFGM used for metal rheological forming and provides a new method for numerical simulation of rheological forming of complex parts.

The non-linear equations of strings under a concentrated load were derived. The formulae of the linear frequency and the governing equation of the primary resonance were obtained by Galerkin and Multiple-dimensioned method. The reason of the loss of load in practical engineering was addressed. The bifurcation graphics and the relationship graphics of bifurcate point with concentrated load and the span length of the cable were obtained by calculating example. The results show that formula of the linear frequency of the suspended cable is different from that of the string.

Argon ion laser was used as the induced light source and ethane (C₂H₄) was selected as the precursor gas, in the variety ranges of laser power from 0.5 W to 4.5 W and the pressure of the precursor gas from 225×133.3 Pa to 680×133.3 Pa, the experiments of laser induced chemical vapor deposition were proceeded for fabrication of micro carbon pillar. In the experiments, the influences of power of laser and pressure of work gas on the diameter and length of micro carbon pillar were investigated, the variety on averaged growth rate of carbon pillar with the laser irradiation time and moving speed of focus was discussed. Based on experiment data, the micro carbon pillar with an aspect ratio of over 500 was built through the method of moving the focus.

The mechanical behavior of EPS (Expanded polystyrene) with three densities at room temperature and under tension loading was studied. The results show that EPS material is characterized by brittle behavior in the tension tests, and tensile properties of EPS increase with the increase of density. Volume fraction has no a significant effect on the modulus of these foams. The tensile creep strain increases with stress for EPS with same density, indicating that the creep behavior is of the stress dependency. And the creep behavior of EPS exhibits density dependency, which the creep strain decreases with densities for a fixed stress value. Moreover the creep behavior under the constant tension load is well in coincidence with the three-parameter solid model.

Creep tests under at a certain temperature and different stress levels were performed on two carbon constructional quality steels at a certain stress level and different temperatures, and their creep curves at high temperature were obtained based on analyzing the testing data. Taking 45 steel at a certain temperature and stress as the example, the integral creep constitutive equation and the differential stress-strain constitutive relationship were established based on the relevant rheological model, and the integral core function was also obtained. Simultaneously, the viscous coefficients denoting the viscous behavior in visco-plastic constitutive equation were determined by taking use of the creep testing data. Then the viscous coefficients of three carbon steels (20 steel, 35 steel and 45 steel) were compared and analyzed. The results show that the viscosity is different due to different materials at the same temperature and stress.

The adhesion coefficient of automobile tire and road surface was analyzed and the formula about it was derived. Some suggestions about highway construction, driving safety of the drivers and the judgment of the traffic accidents were presented. The results show that the adhesion coefficient is a function with the extreme value. If there is atmospheric pressure in the tire, the load of the vehicle and the degree of the coarse on the road surface is not selected properly, it will reach the least and affect the safety of the running automobile.

The meshless method is a new numerical technology presented in recent years. It uses the moving least square (MLS) approximation as its shape function, and it is determined by the basic function and weight function. The weight function is the mainly determining factor, so it greatly affects the accuracy of the computational results. The process of cylinder compression was analyzed by using rigid-plastic meshless variational principle and programming reproducing kernel partial method (RKPM), the influence of node number, weight functions and size factor on the solution was discussed and the suitable range of size factor was obtained. Compared with the finite element method (FEM), the feasibility and validity of the method were verified, which proves a good supplement of FEM in this field and provides a good guidance for the application of meshless in actual engineering.

Through adding different additional water use, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and fluidity of recycled concrete of three aggregate combination forms were studied by experiment respectively. The experimental results show that with the increase of adding additional water use, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of recycled coarse aggregate concrete decrease, but that of recycled fine aggregate concrete and recycled all aggregate concrete increase firstly then decrease. When additional water use is added more 15% or 20% than that of basic ordinary concrete, the recycled coarse aggregate concrete and fine one can get pretty good fluidity. When it is added more 30%, the recycled all aggregate concrete has fluidity that is just satisfied.

The operating principle of measuring rheological properties of magnetorheological(MR) fluid was expounded by means of a new rheometer with double driving discs rotating at the same speed in the opposite directions. The constitutive equation of MR fluid was established with theoretical analysis from experimental data. The conventional power spectrum approach was unable to detect the existence of quadratic phase coupling for dynamic rheological measurement. Bispectrum analysis is emerging as a new powerful technique in signal processing, which can describe nonlinear coupling, restrain Gaussian noise and reserve phase component. An autoregressive(AR) model of the third order cumulant, the bispectra and bispectral contours were utilized for analyzing the dynamic characteristics of the MR rheometer by merely using the sampled output torque signals when a zero mean non-Gaussian white noise interferes with the rotary disc system. The measurement and analysis process based on virtual instruments were automatically controlled by computer in this paper. The experimental and theoretical results show that rheological properties and dynamic characteristics of MR fluid can be measured with this double disc rheometer.